-Large tracks of land were taken away from Africans by the white settlers.
-The African indigenous ruler lost their political power.
-African were subjected to heavy taxation which collected with a lot of cruelty.
-The economic exploitation and displacement of Africans from their lands forced them to provide cheap labour on European farms.
-Africans were subjected to poverty and suffering.
-Cash crop production, transport, trade and industry were developed in settler regions.
-Africans were required to carry identity cards.
-There was racial segregation.