Describe the political organization of the Shona in the 19th century.

Answer:

- The kingdom was ruled by a king or emperor called Mwene Mutapa who was head of state and
government. The king's position was hereditary.
- The emperor/ king was assisted by many people to administer the kingdom such
as the queen mother, queen sister, the kings nine principal wives etc.
- Religion played an important role in government and the king was regarded as the chief
priest.
- The priests were used as a link between the king and the people. They also acted as his spies.
- The main unifying factor among the Shona was religion/ belief in the Mwari
cult.
- The royal fire was used as a symbol of national unity/that to be kept burning throughout the king’s lifetime.
- The empire was divided into provinces which were ruled by lesser kings who
were answerable to Mwene Mutapa.
- The king had a standing army which was used to defend the kingdom against external attacks and also for expansion.
- The king was the commander in chief of the army.

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