- Data creation-this is the process of putting together facts in an organized format.
- Data transmission-this refers to the means of communicating the data.
- Data preparation-this is the conversion of data from source document to machine-readable form.
- Media conversion-this is transferring data from one medium to another, for example, from a floppy disk to hard disk.
- Input validation. It is subjecting data entered into a computer checks using a computer program.
- Sorting-this is rearranging data in pre-defined order