-When two (or even more) processes try to concurrently access a shared resource, leading to odd
behaviour, deadlocks or mistakenly overwriting memory addresses.
Typical example from lectures: Two processes simultaneously updating a counter (lol, Assignment 1 math.c). Say Process A reads the variable but process B steps in and reads and writes to it. Control is passed back to process A, who just writes to it. You’ve just written to it twice.